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1. QUODITCH FUNGI MAIN PAGE [18/01/1999]
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... OOR NATURE RESERVE | THE FUNGI | On a recent fungus foray over fifty different species were identified at Quoditch. This, on top of the ones already found, means that there are at least seventy differing species here. As we can photograph and identify them we will put them up on these web pages. | We started to put up the pictures of our fungi chronologically but now we are changing that and are classifying them by type. | The pages are currently as follows | FUNGI 1 | FUNGI 2 | FUNGI 3 | FUNGI 4 | FUNGI - BRACKET FUNGI | FUNGI - CUP AND FLASK | FUNGI - JELLY | FUNGI - PUFFBALLS, STINKHORNS etc. | FUNGI - SLIME MOULDS | The rest will be categorised soon | Page last updated 18th January 1999 | REFERENCES | Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe, Roger Phillips (Macmillan Reference 1994) | Country Guides - Fungi of Britain and Northern Europe, Paul Sterry (Chancellor Press 1991) | A Magna Field Guide - Mushrooms, Mirko Svrcek (Magna Books 1994) | Encyclopaedia of Fungi - G ...

2. Phungophobe's Phear -- "Higher Fungi"
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3. Webshots Community - more fungi [26/03/2004]
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4. Webshots Community - fungi last album [26/03/2004]
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5. Naming and Classification of Fungi and Other Organisms [18/10/2003]
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... Naming and Classification of Fungi | Introduction | Although it is something that we give little thought to, the naming and classification of objects play an important role in society. Imagine the problems that we would have if we were not given names and if we did not name our cities, streets or pets. Now imagine if we did not classify the books that are in our libraries, tools in hardware stores, video tapes in video stores, etc. Without names for objects and a system to classify them, it would be impossible or at least be very ...

... names that the general population uses, it is unlikely that the less confusing species names will ever replace common names in our daily usage. | The Development of the Bionomial System and Classification Schemes | A History of Taxonomy | Although the usage of binomials seem to be a simple enough concept, its development took well over a thousand years. In summarizing the events that led to the binomial system, we will concern ourselves mainly with events having to do with plants because fungi as well as algae and bacteria were classified as plants until Whitaker (1969). | The first names applied to plants were undoubtedly "local" common names. Because such names may be restricted to small communities, another nearby community would likely have a different common name for the same plant. This seems to be the likely mechanism by which numerous common names may have been applied to a single plant. The earliest known attempt at classifying plants was in the 3rd Century B.C., by Theophras ...

... s published earlier than 1753 and not recorded in Species Plantarum were not recognized as valid names. However, Linnaeus included very few species names of fungi and a different starting point for species names of fungi was originally used. There were originally two starting points for fungi: Christiaan H. Persoon's Synopsis Methodica Fungorum issued in 1801 and Elias Magnus Fries' Systema Fungorum , first volume (of three) issued in 1821. Persoon was the starting point for rust and smut fungi and Fries was the starting point for the remaining fungi, especially fleshy fungi, i.e. those with fruiting bodies. In the 1987 Botanical Congress, this all changed. It was decided that the starting date for valid species names of fungi would be moved to 1753. However, species recognized in Synopsis Methodica Fungorum and Systema Fungorum were sanctioned , which means that even if there was an earlier name for a species published in these tomes, they would still have priority in spite of the fac ...

... ged and are now treated as bacteria. Blue-green algae have probably undergone relatively few changes in over a billion years, but yet the change in policy by the State of Hawai‘i would seem to indicate that there was a drastic change in these organisms simply because they have been reclassified into a different kingdom. | Some Different Groups of Fungi | Just as there are different groups of plants, ex., ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants, etc., there are different groups of fungi. Fungi are often classified according to the types of sexual spores that are produced. Some examples of different groups of fungi are illustrated below (Figures 6a-f). | Fig. 6a: Zygospores are sexual spores characteristic of the division Zygomycota . Spores have thick, black cell walls and are supported by two cells called suspensors. | Fig. 6b: Ascospores are sexual spores borne in cylindrical cells called asci (sing.=ascus) belong in the division Ascomycota . Asci and ascospores are usually produced ...

... genera. | Flagellum (plural = flagella): Hair-like structure that functions in mobility of microscopic organisms. | Gullet: Groove in cells of Euglena , which allows it to ingest food. | Herb: A non-woody plant whose stem generally dies back at the end of each growing season. | Herbalist: One who classifies plants according to their uses. | Herbal: A book on plants and their medicinal usages. | International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature: Rules governing the naming of plants, algae and fungi. | Kingdom: The broadest taxonomic classification into which organisms are grouped, based on fundamental similarities and common ancestry. | Monera: The kingdom to which bacteria belong. | Mycetae: The kingdom to which fungi belong. | Natural System: Referring to a system of classification in which closely related organisms are grouped together in the same taxon. | Order: A taxon composed of closely related family. | Phrase name: First type of scientific name composed of the genus followed by a ...

6. Fungi of Gobions Woods - Plates 1-9
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7. Fungi [05/05/2003]
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... mples and Pictures of Domain Bacteria | Examples and Pictures of Domain Archaea | Protista | Examples and Pictures of Protista | Fungi | Examples of Fungi | Plants | Examples and Pictures of Plants | Animals | Examples and Pictures of Animals | FUNGI | A mushroom walks into a bar, sits down, and the bartender says, wow it must be really boring to be a mushroom. The mushroom says, "no, actually, its not, i'm a really fungi." | CLICK HERE TO READ THE JOURNAL OF A REAL LIVE FUNGI! | FUNGI! | Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. They do not have chloroplasts, so they cannot photosynthesize. Actually, fungi are very closely related to humans, and are thought to have shared a common ancestor. Fungi must obtain nutrients from their surroundings. Fungal cell walls contain chitin, which is a complex carbohydrate that is very resistant to other organisms. In addition, fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment to break down organic molecules, and then the fungi absorb the ...

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... (because there is a small chance that a single spore will be successful) asexually. They are carried by wind or water, and germinate if they land in a moist place where there is an appropriate surface. | In the sexual life cycle, syngamy (the sexual union of cells) occurs. Syngamy is divided into two stages: plasmogamy (the fusion of cells) and karyogamy (nuclear fusion). After plasmogamy, the nuclei from each parent join, but do not fuse (there are two nuclei), which forms a dikaryon. | Fungi can also reproduce asexually by making little copies of themselves, or by vegetative growth, which is when a new fungus grows out of the parent fungus. This takes place under the surface of the soil, on rotting logs or on other substances on which the fungus lives. | Fungi have a sexual state, called teleomorph, and an asexual state, called anamorph. | NUTRITION | Fungi absorb food from their surroundings, which could be soil, wood, or living or dead plant or animal material. Hyphae form an inte ...

8. CalPhotos
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... on Search. The total number of photos for each category is shown in parentheses following the category name. | Note: searches that use " contains " take longer! | You can also use the custom query form for advanced queries. | Type of Photo | any Animal--Amphibian (3784) Animal--Bird (2947) Animal--Fish (446) Animal--Insect (1114) Animal--Invertebrate (899) Animal--Mammal (2033) Animal--Reptile (2276) Fossil--Invertebrate (2) Fossil--Plant (59) Fossil--Vertebrate (263) Fungi--fungi (1650) Fungi--lichen (42) Fungi--mold (10) Landscape--fieldsite (108) Landscape--habitat (3299) Misc.--specimen_tag (58) People--culture (833) People--historical (51) People--photographer (35) Plant--annual/perennial (36102) Plant--fern (412) Plant--mosses/etc (40) Plant--tree (2202) Plant--tree/shrub (3602) Plant--unavailable (457) Plant--vine (346) Protista--algae (40) Protista--amoeba (1) | Scientific Name | contains begins with equals | example: Agraulis vanillae (case unimportant) | Common Name | contai ...

9. Fungi (Mycology)
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... Botanical Web Portal | Fungi (Mycology) | • | Mycology Resources - Extensive link collection. Alphabetic main index and commented, thematical lists: collections, directories, discussions, general, genetics, guides, mushrooms, supplies, taxonomy, teaching. (English) | • | Fungi, Fungi - Fungi poisoning, books, scientific names, fungi stories, commented link collection (fungi images; general; genera, identification keys; regional matters, societies, associations; fungi cultivation, recipes, poisonous fungi; magic mushrooms; link pages), forum, gallery including 320 images. Large private site. (German) | • | Fungi - Good overview of mycology in Switzerland. Introduction to mycology. Books. Fungus protection. Societies and associations. Link collection. (German) | • | Mycorrhiza - The S ...

10. fungi
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... What are Fungi? | Fungi are many-celled organisms that decompose dead matter in our environment. Thus, they are Consumers and a very important one. Fungi and bacteria are responsible for doing the major cleaning role in our environment. In fact, they are in competition with one another for materials to decompose. Fungi are found in soil, dead trees and even on your bread sometimes. For much more information look below. | More Information | Types of Fungi | Back To Home | Copyright © 1995-2004 by the Kent School Distric ...

11. FUNGI [21/11/2003]
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... FUNGI | FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom), the botanical name covering in the broad sense all the lower cellular Cryptogams devoid of chlorophyll, which arise from spores, and the thallus of which is either unicellular or composed of branched or unbranched tubes or cell-filaments (hyphae) with apical growth, or of more or less complex wefted sheets or tissue-like masses of such (niycelium). The latter may in certain cases attain large dimensions, and even undergo cell-divisions in their interior, resulti ...

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... ; A and B, mycelium (rn) with haustoria (h). (After De Bary.) | more or less branched (Peronospora) or coiled(Protomyces)haustorium. In Rhizopus certain hyphae creep horizontally on the surface of the substratum, and then anchor their tips to it by means of a tuft of short branches (appressorium), the walls of which soften and gum themselves to it, then another branch shoots otit from the tuft and repeats the process, like a strawberry-runner. Appressoria are also formed by some parasitic fungi, as a minute flattening of the tip of a very short branch (Erysiphe), or the swollen end of any hypha which comes in contact with the surface of the host (Piptocephalis, Syncephalis), haustoria piercing in each case the cell-wall below. In Botrytis the appressoria assume the form of dense tassels of short branches. In Arlhrobotrys side-branches of the mycelium sling themselves around the host (Tylenchus) much as tendrils round a support. | Many fungi (Phallus, Agaricus, Fumago, when strongly gr ...

... in many cases thickenings and structural differentiations, as well as the changes referred to above, alter the primary wall considerably. Such thickening may be localized, and pits (e-g. Uredospores, septa of Basidiomycetes), spirals, reticulations, rings, (capillitium fibres of Podaxon, Calostoma, Battarrea), occur as in the vessels of higher plants, while sculptured networks, pittings and so forth are as common on fungus-spores as they are on pollen grains. | Cell-Contents.The cells of fungi, in addition to protoplasm, nuclei and sap-vacuoles, like other vegetable cells, contain formed and amorphous bodies of various kinds. Among those directly visible to the microscope are oil drops, often colored (Uredineae) crystals of calcium oxalate (Phallus, Russula), proteid crystals (Mucor, Pilobolus, and resin (Polyporei). The oidia of Erysipheae contain fibrosin bodies and the hyphae of Saprolegnieae cellulin bodies, but starch apparently never occurs. Invisible to the microscope, but ren ...

... ers have several (Aspergillus) in each segment, or only two (Exoascus) or one (Erysiphe) in each cell. Even the isolated cells of the yeast plant have each one nucleus. As a rule the nuclei of the mycelium are very minute (1.52 u in Phycomyces), but those of many asci and spores are large and easily rendered visible. As with other plants, so in fungi the essential process of fertilization consists in the fusion of two nuclei, but owing to the absence of well-marked sexual organs from many fungi, a peculiar interest attaches to certain nuclear fusions in the vegetative cells or in young spores of many forms. Thus in Ijstilaeineae the chlamvdosnores. and 1n Uredineae the teleutospores, each contain two nuclei when young, which fuse as the spores mature. In young asci a similar fusion of two nuclei occurs, and also in basidia, in each case the nucleus of the ascus or of the basidium resulting from the fusion subsequently giving rise by division to the nuclei of the ascospores and basidios ...

... n practice these various kinds of spores of fungi receive further special names in the separate groups, and names, more ~ over, which will appear, to those unacquainted with the history, to have been given without any consistency or regard to general / principles; nevertheless, for ordi nary purposes these names are far more useful in most cases, owing to their descriptive character, than the proposed new names, which have been only partially accepted. | Sporophores.In some of the simpler fungi the spores are not borne on or in hyphae which can be distinguished from the vege A tative parts or mycelium, but in the vast majority of cases the sporogenous hyphae either ascend free into the air or radiate into the surrounding water as distinct branches, or are grouped into ~ special columns, cushions, layers ~ or complex masses obviously different in color, consistency, - shape and other characters from the parts which gather up and assimilate the food-materials. The j term receptacle somet ...

... ; zoospores common: Chytridiaceae. Ancylistaceae. | CLASS II.Zygomycetes. Mycelium well developed; sexual reproduction by zygospores; asexual reproduction by sporangia and conidia. | I. Mucorineae. Sexual reproduction as above, asexual by sporangia or conidia or both: Mucoraceae. Mortierellaceae, Chaetocladiaceae, Piptocephalidaceae. | 2. Entomophthorineae. Sexual reproduction typical but with sometimes inequality of the fusing gametes (gametangia ?): Entomophthoraceae. | B. HIGHER FUNGI. Fungi with segmental thallus; sexual reproduction sometimes with typical antheridia and oogonia (ascogonia) but usually much reduced. | CLASS 1.Ustilaginales. Forms with septate thallus, and reproduction by chlamydospores which on germination produce sporidia; sexuality doubtful. | CLASS 11.Ascomycetes. Thallus septate; spores developed in special type of sporangium, the ascus, the number of spores being usually eight. Sexual reproduction sometimes typical, usually reduced. | Exoascineae, Saccharomyce ...

... um Scabiosae, S. Succisae, Urophlyctis, on higher plants. Analogies have been pointed out between Chytridiaceae and unicellular algae, such as Chlorosphaeraceae, Protococcaceae, Palmellaceae, some of which are parasitic, and suggestions may be entertained as to possible origin from such algae. | The Zygomycetes, of which about 200 species are described, are especially important from a theoretical standpoint, since they furnished the series whence Brefeld derived the vast majority of the fungi. They are characterized especially by the zygospores, but the asexual organs (sporangia) exhibit interesting series of changes, beginning with the typical sporangium of Mucor containing numerous endospores, passing to cases where, as in Thamnidium, these are accompanied with more numerous small sporangia (sporangioles) containing few spores, and thence to Chaetoclad-ium and Piptocephalis, where the sporangioles form but one spore and fall and germinate as a whole; that is to say, the monosporous ...

... . mophthora and Basidiobolus. The two first genera consist of form~ which are parasitic on insects. Empusa Muscae causes the wellknown epidemic in house-flies during the autumn; the dead, affectec flies are often found attached to the window surrounded by a whiti halo of conidia. B. ranarum is found in the alimentary canal of th frog and growing on its excrement. In these three genera the conidif are cast off with a jerk somewhat in the same way as the sporangiun of Pilobolus. | B. HIGHER FUNGI.NOW that Brefelds view of the origin of these forms from the Zygomycetes has been overthrown, the relationship of the higher and lower forms of fungi is left in obscurity. The term Eumycetes is sometimes applied to this group to distinguish them from the Phycomycetes, but as the same name is also applied to the fungi as a whole to difThrentiate them from the Mycetozoa and Bacteria, the term had best be dropped. The Higher Fungi fall into three groups: the Ustilagi vales, of doubtful position, an ...

... m is cut out round each nucleus; thus eight uninucleate ascospores are formed by free-cell formation. The protoplasm remaining over is termed epiplasm and often contains glycogen (fig. 8). In some cases nuclear division is carried further befere spore-formation occurs, and the number of spores is then 16, | 32 and 64, in a few cases the number of spores is less than eight by abortion of some of the eight nuclei. The ascus is thus one of the most sharply characterized structures among the fungi. | In some forms we find definite male and female sexual organs (Sphaerotheca, Pyronema, in others the antheridium is abortive or absent, but the ascogonium (oogonium) is still present and the female nuclei fuse in pairs (Lachnea stercorea, Humaria granulata, Asco bolus furfuraceus); while in other - - | forms ascogonium and antheridium r~-t~, - - | are both absent and fusion occurs ~-o - - | between vegetative nuclei (Humane ~.- ,- - | rutilans, and probably the majority . .~ - | of other form ...

... n be utilized for systematic purposes: | Species Optimum Temperature for Spores. Veils. Fermenta S. cereviseae I. . - 30 2028 High S. Pastorianus I. . - 27 5 2628 Low S. ellipsoideus . . . 25 33 O_340 Low S. anomalus - . - 2831 High S. Ludwigii - - 3f~0~3 10 ? | S. membranaefaciens . 300 High Two questions of great theoretical importance have been raised over and over again in connection with yeasts namely, (1) the morphological one as to whether yeasts are merely degraded forms of higher fungi, as would seem implied by their tendency to form elongated, hypha-like cells in the veils, and their development of ascospores as well as by the wide occurrence of yeast-like sprouting forms in other fungi (e.g. Mucor, Exoasci, Ustilagineae, sigher Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes); and (2) the question a~ co the physiological nature and meaning of fermentation. With regard to the first question no satisfactory proof has as yet been given that Saccharomycetes are derivable by culture from any high ...

... s widest sense this includes the Hysteriaceae, Phacidiaceae, Helvellaceae, The group is characterized in general by the possession of an ascocarp which, though usually a completely closed structure during the earlier stages of development, at maturity opens out to form a bowl or saucer-shaped organ, thus completely exposing the layer of asci which forms the hymenium. Such an ascocarp goes by the name of apothecium. Owing to the shape of the fruit-body many of these forms are known as cup-fungi, the cup or apothecium often attaining a large size, sometimes several inches across (fig. 12). Functional male and female organs have been shown to exist in Pyronemct and Boudiera; in Lachnea stercorea both ascogonia and antheridia a are present, but the antheridium a is non-functional, the ascogonial \~~T. (female) nuclei fusing in pairs; / ~, | this is also the case in Humaria / / ~- 1~ granulata and Ascobolus furfur-. | ---. ~ | aceus, where the antheridium is entirely absent. In H. rutilans ...

... bear them on a special mycelial developmentthe stroma, which is often of large size and special shape and color, and of dense consistence. The cytological details of development of the perithecia are not well known; most of them appear to develop their ascogenous hyphae in an apogamous way without any connection with an ascogonium. Besides the special ascocarps, accessory reproductive organs are known in the majority of cases in the form of conidia. | Tuberineae.These are a small group of fungi including the wellknown truffles. They are found living saprophytically ~in part parasitically) underground in forests. The asci are developed in the large dense fruit bodies (cleistothecia) and the spores escape by the decay of the wall. The fruit-body is of complicated structure, but its early stages of development are not known. Many of the fruit-bodies have a pleasant flavour and are eaten under the name of truffles (Tuber brumale and other species). The exact life-history of the truffle is ...

... of generations, obscured, however, by the apoganous transition from the gametophyte to sporophyte. The sporophyte may be considered to begin at the stage of nuclear association and end with the nuclear reduction in the basidium. | Uredineae.T his is a large group of about 2000 forms. They are all intercellular parasites living mostly on the leaves of higher plants. Owing to the presence of oily globules of an orange-yellow or rusty-red color in their hyphae and spores they are termed Rust-Fungi. They are distinguished from the other fungi and the rest of the Basidiales by the great variety of the spores and the great elaboration of the life-history to be found in many cases. Five different kinds of spores may be presentteleutospores, sporidia (= basidiospores), aecidiospores, spermatia and uredospores (fig. 16). The teleutospore, with the sporidia which arise from it, is always present, and the division into genera is based chiefly on ,~jr FIG. i6.Puccinia graminis. | A, Mass of teleut ...

... Gasteromycetes belong to the Phalloideae, which is sometimes placed as a distinct division of the Autobasidiomycetes. Phallus impudicus, the stink-horn, is occasionally found growing in woods in Britain. The fruit-body before it ruptures may reach the size of a hens egg and is white in color; from this there grows out a hollow cylindrical structure which can be distinguished at the distance of several yards by its disgusting odour, It is highly poisonous. | PhysiologyThe physiology of the fungi comes under the head of that of plants generally, and the works of Pfeffer, Sachs, Vines, Darwin and Klebs may be consulted for details. But we may refer generally here to certain phenomena peculiar to these plants, thelife-actionsof which are restricted and specialized by their peculiar dependence on organic supplies of carbon and nitrogen, so that most fungi resemble the colorless cells of higher plants in their nutrition. Like these they require water, small but indispensable quaiitities of s ...

... show in regard to the age of the host. Many parasites can enter a seedling, but are unable to attack the same host when oldere.g. Pythium, Phytophthora omnzvora. | Chemotropzsm.Taken in conjunction with Pfeffers beautiful discovery that certain chemicals exert a distinct attractive influence on fungus hyphae (chemotropism), and the results of Miyoshis experimental application of it, the phenomena of enzyme-secretion throw considerable light on the processes of infection and parasitism of fungi. Pfeffer showed that certain substances in definite concentrations cause the tips of hyphae to turn towards them; other substances, though not innutritious, repel them, as also do nutritious bodies if too highly concentrated. Marshall Ward showed that the hyphae of Botrytis pierce the cell-walls of a lily by secreting a cytase and dissolving a hole through the membrane. Miyoshi then demonstrated that if Botrytis is sown in a lamella of gelatine, and this lamella is superposed on another similar ...

... Gesellsch. zu Budapest (1897). Anatomy, Bomnier, Sclerotes et cordons mycliens, Mim. de lAced. Roy. de Belg. (1894); Mangin, Observ. sur la membrane des mucorines, Journ. de Bot. (1899); Zimmermann, Die Morph. and Physiolcgie des Pflanzenzellkernes (lena, 1896); \~Visselingh, Microchem. Unters. liber die Zcllwnde d. Fungi, Pringsh. Jahrb. B. 31, p. 6i9 (1898); Istvanffvi, Unters. ber die phys. Anat. der Pilze, Prings. Jahrb. (1896). Spore Distribution: Fuiton, Dispersal of the Spores of Fungi by Insects, Ann. Bot. (1889); Falck. Die Stiorenverbreitunr bei den Basidiomvceten. Beitr. | zur Biol. d. Pfianzen, ix. (1904). Spores and Sporophores: Zopf. Die Pilze; also the works of von Tafel and Brefeld. Classification: | van Tieghem, Journ. de bot. p. 77 (1893), and the works of Brefeld, Engler and Pranti, von Tafel, Saccardo and Lotsy already cited, Oomycetes: Wager, On the Fertilization of Peronospora parasitica, Ann. Bot. vol. xiv. (1900); Stevens, The Compound Oosphere of Albugo Bliti ...

... 1888); Dittrich, Zur Entwickelungsgeschicbte der Helvellineen, Cohns Beitr, 1. Biol. d. Pflanzen (1892). Pyrenomycetes: Fisch, Beitr. | z. Entwickelungsgeschichte einiger Ascomyceten, Bot. Zeit. (1882); Frank, tJber einige neue u. weniger bekannte Pflanzkrankh., Landw. Jahrb. Bd. 12 (1883); Ward, Onygena equina, a horn-destroying fungus, Phil. Trans. vol. 191 (1899); Dawson, On the Biology of Poroniapunctata, Ann. of Bat. 14 (1900). Tuberineae: Buchholtz, Zur Morphologic u. Systematik der Fungi hypogaei, Ann. Mycol. Bd. I (1903); Fischer in Engler and Prantl, Die natfArlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1896). Laboulbeniineae: Thaxter, Monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae, Mem. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, vol. 12 (1895). | Urediveae: Eriksson and Henning, Die Getreideroste (Stockholm, 1896); Eriksson, Botan. Gaz. vol. 25 (1896); On the Vegetative Life of some Uredineae, Ann. of Bot. (1905); Klebahn, Die wirtwechselnden Rostpilze (Berlin, 1904); Sapin-Trouffy, Recherches histologiques sur Ia fa ...

12. Fungi
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13. Cyber Ed - Fungi [23/01/2003]
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... Fungi | Fungi are vital to life on our planet for their contributions to the nutrient cycle. Eye-catching graphics and stimulating narratives explain how members of the Fungi kingdom are divided, show representative organisms from each phyla, explore typical fungal structures, and offer interesting insight to the uses and contributions made by fungi. Animated sequences vividly depict extracellular digestion, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction by the process of conjugation and more. | Order #X0991127HY ...

14. FUNGI (fungi, moulds and lichens) [24/11/2003]
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15. Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi
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16. AEROBIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING -- Airborne Pathogen Control Systems [26/08/1997]
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... FUNGI | Fungi are eukaryotic organisms containing membraneous organelles. They can be unicellular like yeasts or multicellular like molds. Most fungi produce spores which can become airborne. Only a few fungi invade living cells to cause infectious disease, usually in immunosuppressed patients. Most fungi produce metabolic products which can cause an antigenic reaction in those who are hypersensitive. | A class of microorganisms that can be considered along with fungi are the fungi-like bacteria called actino ...

17. BoDD (Botanical Dermatology Database) - FUNGI [06/01/2004]
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... FUNGI | Fungi are non-photosynthesising, heterotrophic organisms that derive their energy from a saprophytic or parasitic existence. They are unicellular, amoeboid, or filamentous, never having the leaves, stems, and roots characteristic of higher plants. Reproduction occurs by sexual or asexual spore formation. | Increasingly, it is becoming evident that mycologists regard the fungi as being distinct from plants, and accordingly that they should be classified within their own kingdom, namely the Fungi or Myc ...

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... ctive nucleus in this group being 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Fusidium coccineum Fuckel (subdivision Deuteromycotina) is the source of fusidic acid, an antibiotic with a steroid structure. Other less well known antibiotics include adicillin from Emericellopsis salmosynnematum Groskl. & Swift (provisionally classified in the fam. Pseudoeurotiaceae) and fusafungine from Fusarium lateritium Nees ex Link (teleomorph: Gibberella baccata Sacc., fam. Nectriaceae). | The pathogenicity of certain fungi, often manifesting itself as a skin disorder, is perhaps the commonest form of interaction between man and members of the fungus kingdom. This aspect is covered in the monographs below but interested readers are advised to consult an appropriate clinical mycology text for more detailed coverage. Fungal infections acquired from contact with plant material also occur fairly commonly. In particular, sporotrichosis (see Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen & Perkins, subdivision Deuteromycotina) should be s ...

... | White (1934) observed two adult males who suddenly developed an erythematous eruption on the face and exposed parts of the hands and arms following sweeping out a cellar containing a dry decaying wood. The eruptions subsided in 36 hours. He stated that the "dry rot" fungus was the probable irritant. It should be noted, however, that other species of wood-decaying fungus may be found in such a situation. Frankland & Hay (1951) also refer to allergic complaints from the dry rot fungus. | FUNGI - COPRINACEAE | The family is classified in the subdivision Basidiomycotina. | Coprinus atramentarius Fr. | Ink Cap | Although normally an edible fungus, poisoning occurs if alcohol is consumed upto 48 hours after ingestion. The symptoms are reddening of the face and difficulty in breathing, and resemble disulfiram poisoning. The compound responsible is coprine (Chilton 1978). The onset of symptoms varies from 20 minutes to 2 hours after consumption of alcohol (North 1967). | FUNGI - CORTINARIAC ...

... y, from which this organism was isolated. | Cercosporella Sacc. | Members of this form-genus cause leaf-spot diseases of some plants (Martin 1969). An eruption of the wrists of women sorting and packing dried fruits from the Orient was attributed to a mould from this form-genus. The wrists rubbed against the sacking on the tables containing the fruit (Russ 1923). | Cladosporium Link ex Fr. | Cladosporium species, of which some 500 have been described, are amongst the most common air-borne fungi, and thus have a world wide distribution. They are particularly common on dying or dead plant material. Some have been identified with the teleomorphic genus Mycosphaerella Johanson, a loculoascomycete of the family Dothideaceae (Domsch et al. 1980). | Cladosporium species are occasionally reported from cutaneous, eye, and nail infections (McGinnis 1980). | Cladosporium bantianum Borelli | (syn. Torula bantiana Sacc.) | This organism may cause cladosporiosis (Rogers 1980). It may cause subcutane ...

... ra species include Pyrenopeziza Fuckel (fam. Dermateaceae), Mollisia P. Karsten (fam. Dermateaceae), Ascocoryne Groves & Wilson (fam. Helotiaceae), Coniochaeta Cooke (fam. Xylariaceae), and Gaeumannomyces v. Arx & Olivier (fam. Gnomoniaceae) (Domsch et al. 1980). | Several species of Phialophora are well recognised as aetiological agents of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis (also known as chromomycosis) is a chronic infection caused by dark-coloured yeast-like fungi which involves the dermis and epidermis, and is characterised by a warty, often foul-smelling proliferation of the skin. Phaeohyphomycosis (also known as cystic chromomycosis) is an infection of the skin in which brown-pigmented fungi are present in a hyphal or pseudohyphal form. In subcutaneous tissues, cystic lesions are the most frequently recognised form of infection (Roberts et al. 1984). McGinnis et al. (1985) discuss the nomenclature of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis and give s ...

... nose from where it spreads slowly and progressively (Roberts et al. 1984). The disease occurs in the tropics (Greer 1980, Domsch et al. 1980). | In a case described by Herstoff et al. (1978), the patient failed to respond with an inflammatory reaction when challenged with croton oil (see Croton tiglium L., fam. Euphorbiaceae). This observation is intriguing but difficult to interpret since no further information was provided regarding mode of application and effects on control subjects. | FUNGI - GOMPHACEAE | Ramaria flava Quélet | (syn. Clavaria flava Fr.) | Fairy Clubs | Two cases of cutaneous sensitisation to edible mushrooms ( Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr. and B. luteus L. ex Fr., fam. Boletaceae; Lactarius deliciosus Fr., fam. Russulaceae; and Clavaria flava ) were reported. In one case hypersensitivity was also demonstrated after eating the mushrooms in question, fried. Boiling seems to destroy the antigenic effect of mushrooms. From a practical point of view, it is important to be ...

... lo | Anamorph: Microsporum cookei Ajello | N. fulva Stockdale | Anamorph: Microsporum fulvum Uriburu | N. grubyia Georg, Ajello, Friedman, & Brinkman | Anamorph: Microsporum vanbreuseghemii George, Ajello, Friedman, & Brinkman | N. gypsea Stockdale | Anamorph: Microsporum gypseum Guiart & Grigorakis | N. obtusa Dawson & Gentles | Anamorph: Microsporum nanum Fuentes | N. persicolor Stockdale | Anamorph: Microsporum persicolor Guiart & Grigorakis | (syn. Trichophyton persicolor Sabouraud) | FUNGI - HELVELLACEAE | This family of ascomycetes comprises 60 species in 6 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1983). | Gyromitra esculenta Fr. | Lorchel, Turban Fungus | The skin and the eyes may be irritated by handling the fungus (North 1967). | When damaged, the fungus releases monomethylhydrazine and methylformylhydrazine from stored hydrazones of ethanal (= gyromitrin), pentanal, and hexanal (Chilton 1978). | FUNGI - HYPOCREACEAE | This is a family of about 76 genera and 520 species classified in the sub ...

... diformis Zopf | (syns Rhizopus chinensis Saito, Rhizopus cohnii Berlese & De Toni, Mucor rhizopodiformis F. Cohn) | Rhizopus stolonifer Lind. | (syn. Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb. ex Corda) | White (1934) lists Rhizopus nigricans as a mould that has been suspected as a cause of dermatitis. | Ajello et al. (1976) reviewed several cases of zygomycosis that had been attributed to this organism but doubted the identifications made, especially since the organism is incapable of growing at 37 C. | FUNGI - PHAEOSPHAERIACEAE | The family is classified in the subdivision Ascomycotina (Hawksworth et al. 1983). | Leptosphaeria Ces. & de Not. | About 100 species are recognised in this genus; the organisms occur widely as plant pathogens. Their family position is not clear, some authorities regarding the genus as belonging to the Pleosporaceae (Hawksworth et al. 1983). | Leptosphaeria senegalensis Baylet, Camain, & Segretain | Leptosphaeria tompkinsii El-Ani | Cases of mycetoma caused by these organis ...

... iorum Lib.) | Pink Rot | Celery ( Apium graveolens L., fam. Umbelliferae) infected with this fungus contains the phototoxic furocoumarins bergapten and xanthotoxin, and can therefore elicit photodermatitis (see Umbelliferae ). Austad & Kavli (1983) reported the occurrence of phototoxic contact dermatitis of the hands and forearms of 11 celery harvesters in Norway. The conditions favouring an epidemic include diseased celery, a sunny day following wet weather, and unprotected harvesters. | FUNGI - TRICHOCOMACEAE | This family of ascomycetes comprises 120 species in 24 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1983). | Emericella nidulans Vuillemin | Anamorph: Aspergillus nidulans Winter | Cases of "white grain" mycetomas caused by this organism have been described from Senegal, Sudan, and Tunisia (Padhye & Ajello 1980, Roberts et al. 1984). Onchomycosis and mandibular periostitis associated with this organism have also been described (Domsch et al. 1980). | FUNGI - USTILAGINACEAE | This family of "smut ...

... naria Nees ex Fr., Aspergillus Mich. ex Fr., and Penicillium Link ex Fr. (Feinberg 1939, Tuft et al. 1950, Bocobo et al. 1954, Gomez-Orbanaja & Quinones-Caravia 1953, Jillson & Adami 1955, Storck 1955, Jillson 1957, Strauss & Kligman 1957, Prince et al. 1960, Ofuji et al. 1961, Rajka 1963, Watanabe & Fujisawa 1965, Fujisawa et al. 1966). Crude extracts of moulds produced eczematous changes by patch test and also by inhalation. Type I hypersensitivity reactions can occur from inhalation of fungi (Bruce 1963). | VETERINARY ASPECTS | As in man, fungi may affect animals either by contact (including subcutaneous inoculation), by ingestion, or by inhalation. Many of the pathogenic fungi can produce the same diseases in both humans and livestock. Interested readers are referred to specialised texts on the topic such as that produced by Ainsworth & Austwick (1973). | Perhaps most commonly encountered are ringworm infections which are caused by members of the form-genera Microsporum Gruby, Tric ...

... ore. pp. 321. London: Butterworths. | Austwick PKC and Longbottom JL (1980) Medically important Aspergillus species. In: Lennette EH et al. (Eds) Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 3rd edn. pp. 620. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. | Barjaktarovic SS and Bogdanovic SB (1933) Untersuchungen über die Wirkung des Maisbrandes ( Ustilago maidis ). Arch. Exp. Path. Pharmak. 173: 381. | Benham RW (1947) Biology of Pityrosporum ovale. In: Nickerson WJ (Ed.) Biology of Pathogenic Fungi. pp. 63. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica Co. | Bocobo FC, Curtis AC, Block WD and Stubbart FJ (1954) Studies on fungi encountered in the atmosphere. II. Production of dermatitis in guinea pigs by crude ether-soluble extracts of Alternaria, Hormodendrum, Penicillium and Aspergillus. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 23(6): 489-496. | Bowden JP and Schantz EJ (1955) The isolation and characterization of dermatitic compounds produced by Myrothecium verrucaria . J. Biol. Chem. 214: 365-372. | B ...

... n Society for Microbiology. | Greer DL and Friedman L (1966) Studies on the genus Basidiobolus with reclassification of the species pathogenic to man. Sabouraudia 4: 231. | Grimes GL (1978) Principles of mushroom identification. In: Rumack BH and Salzman E (Eds) Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. pp. 3. Florida: CRC Press Inc. | Hammerschmidt DE (1980) Szechwan purpura. New England Journal of Medicine 302: 1191. | Hawksworth DL et al. (1983) Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, 7th edn. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. | Hellerström S (1941) Sensitization to edible mushrooms. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 22: 331. | Herstoff JK et al. (1978) Rhinophycomycosis entomophthorae . Archives of Dermatology 114: 1674. | Holmes S (1983) Outline of Plant Classification. London: Longman Group Ltd. | Hopkins HH (1952) Mushroom dermatitis. Md St. Med. J. 1: 504. | Hopkins HH (1953) Mushroom dermatitis. Report of a case. AMA Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 67: 632. | H ...

... tagiri K, Matsuura S, Sunagawa N, et al. (1973) Structure-activity relationships among zygosporin derivatives. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 21(10): 2268-2277. | North PM (1967) Poisonous Plants and Fungi. London: Blandford Press. | Ofuji S et al. (1961) Studies on the role of airborne fungi in several skin diseases. 2. Studies on the seasonal variations of the mould counts in the Kyoto area. Acta Derm., Kyoto 56: 205. Cited by Fujisawa et al. (1966) | Padhye AA and Ajello L (1980) Fungi causing eumycotic mycetomas. In: Lennette EH et al. (Eds) Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 3rd edn. pp. 595. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. | Pammel LH (1911) A Manual of Poisonous Plants. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press. | Panzani R (1962) Étude de l'allergie entre la graine de ricin et spondylocladium. Int. Archs Allergy Appl. Immun. 21: 288. | Pick L (1927) Augen- und Schleimhauterkrankungen durch Morchelausdunstungen (gewerbliche Massenerkrankung). Z. Augenheilk. 61: 32 ...

... 39(5): 546-555. | Wren RW (1968) Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations by Wren RC. Rustington, Sussex: Potter & Clarke, Health Science Press. | [ * BoDD Home Page * ][ * Main Index * ][ * Plant Families Index * ] | [ * Top of this document * ][ * BoDD Search Engine * ][ * Support BoDD * ] | File format last modified: 01/2004 | Content last modified: 1984 | Copyright © Richard J. Schmidt PhD 1994 - 2004 | schmidt@cf.ac.uk | http://BoDD.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermF/FUNGI.html | ...

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... Skip Navigation | WHAT'S NEW | CONTACTS | COMMENTS | PUBLICATIONS | DATABASES | SITE INDEX | SEARCH | BIODIVERSITY | Australian Biological Resources Study | Go back to: DEH Home > Biodiversity > ABRS > Online Resources > Glossaries > Fungi | Fungi of Australia | GLOSSARY | Compiled by C.A.Grgurinovic | Back to Glossaries | This general glossary contains terms likely to be used frequently in the volumes of the Fungi of Australia and the majority of terms used in the introductory volumes. Specialised terms that are crucial to the understanding of individual family accounts, but not of wide application, will be explained and illustrated, where appropriate, in the relevant volumes. | It is the policy of the Editorial Committee to keep the use ...

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... h et al. , 1983). | annellidic: of conidiogenesis , holoblastic conidiogenesis from an annellide, resulting in a basipetal sequence of conidia (annelloconidia). | annulus: (1) a ring; (2) in agarics and gasteromycetes, the ring-like remains of the partial veil around the stipe after the expansion of the pileus. | antheridium: the male sex organ. pl. antheridia . | anthracnose: common name of plant diseases characterised by necrotic black lesions (often sunken), caused by certain imperfect fungi that produce conidia in acervuli, e.g . Colletotrichum. | anticlinal: perpendicular to the surface. cf . periclinal . | aphanoplasmodium: a fine plasmodial network of hypha-like strands, with finely granular protoplasm and an indefinite margin; known in a few Myxomycetes, especially Stemonitaceae (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969). See also phaneroplasmodium , protoplasmodium . | apical apparatus: in an ascus , one or more areas or structures in the apex which function in the discharge of ascospores. ...

... s locules. | ascus: the sac-like cell of the sexual state of a member of the Ascomycota in which the ascospores are produced. pl. asci . | aseptate: having no cross walls. See also coenocytic . | asexual: not forming part of a cycle which involves fertilisation and meiosis. | asperate: rough with points or projections. | asperulate: delicately asperate. | asporogenous: not forming spores; of yeasts , those without a known teleomorph. cf . sporogenous . | asterinaceous fungus: referring to fungi of the family Asterinaceae, order Hemisphaeriales, which are plant parasites with shield-shaped ascomata associated with a superficial hyphopodiate mycelium. | atomate: with a finely powdered surface. | attenuate: (1) gradually narrowed towards the end; (2) of a pathogen , having lowered virulence. | autoecious: of a fungus, typically a rust , completing its life cycle on one host. cf . heteroecious . | axenic: of a culture , pure, consisting of one organism. | axial: being or situated in line w ...

... tous affinities. adj. blastomycetous . | blastomycetous: of a yeast , budding; see blastomycete . | blastospore: = blastoconidium . | blepharoplast: in a zoospore , the basal body or granule (kinetosome) from which arise the longitudinal fibres constituting the axoneme (main core) of a flagellum; joined to the nucleus by a rhizoplast (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). | blight: describes the destructive damage to plants, often occurring over a relatively short period, caused by parasitic ( e.g . fungi, bacteria, insects, etc.) and non-parasitic ( e.g . frost) agents. See also head blight . | bolete: common name for a member of the Boletales. | boletinoid: of a hymenophore , with a structure intermediate between lamellae and pores. | bothrosome: see sagenogen . | botuliform: see allantoid . | broom cells: in agarics , cells on the pileus or edges of the lamellae which bear apical appendages giving a broom-like appearance. | budding: multiplication in yeasts or in spores where a new cell develo ...

... leistothecium ) : in Ascomycota , a type of ascoma with no opening. cf . angiocarpous . | clypeus: a shield-like stromatic growth, with or without host tissue, over one or more perithecia or pycnidial conidiomata (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). | coacervate: massed or heaped together. | coadnate: united, cohering. | coalescent: joined together. | coarctate: crushed together, crowded. | cochleate: shaped like a shell, spiralled. | coelomycete: common name for a member of the Coeloanamorphoses, fungi with acervular, pycnidial, pycnothyrial or stromatic condiomata (Sutton, 1980). adj. coelomycetous . | coenocytic: without septa and multinucleate. See also aseptate . | coevolution: the interdependent evolution of two or more species having an obvious ecological relationship (Lincoln et al ., 1982). | collabent: collapsed in the middle (Nag Raj, 1993). | collarette: a frill or collar (often cup-shaped) of outer wall material remaining at the apex of a phialidic conidiogenous cell, following deh ...

... macrocyclic , microcyclic . | dendroid: tree-like, arborescent, branching like a tree. | dentate: toothed. | denticle: a tooth-like projection. | denticulate: finely toothed. | depressed: with the centre lower than the margin. | determinate: well-defined; definite; of a conidiophore , growth ceasing when terminal conidia are produced. cf . indeterminate . | detersile: of a villose surface , removable so that the surface becomes bare. | deuteromycete: former common name for a member of the Fungi Anamorphici. | dextrinoid: staining yellowish or reddish brown in iodine-containing solutions such as Melzer's reagent; pseudoamyloid. cf . amyloid , inamyloid . | diaphragm: in gasteromycetes , a homogeneous wall of hyphae that separates the gleba from the sterile base, e.g . in some species of Calvatia . | diaspore: any disseminated propagule, either sexual or asexual. | dichotomous: forking into two more or less equal arms. | diclinous: having the antheridium and oogonium on different hyphae. ...

... he tissue at the surface formed by the branching of the ends of the paraphyses above the asci (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). | epitunica: = exosporium . | epizoic: living on animals. | epruinose: without pruina. | equal: of a stipe , having equal diameter from the apex to the base. | ergot: the diseases of cereals, grasses and sedges, caused by species of Claviceps ; e.g . ergot of cereals and grasses caused by Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.; also the term referring to the sclerotium of these fungi formed in infected plants ( e.g . the ergot of C. purpurea ). | erose: of a margin , irregularly incised. | erumpent: bursting through the surface. | eucarpic: using only part of the thallus for the fruit-body. cf . holocarpic . | evanescent: present for a short time; breaking down. | evelate: without a veil. | excentric ( = eccentric ) : off-centre, to one side, any attachment intermediate between central and lateral. | exciple (= excipulum ) : in an ascoma , tissue or tissues enclosing the hym ...

... mes as a result of anastomosis (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). cf . dikaryon , homokaryon , monokaryon . | heterokont: of a flagellate cell with flagella of different lengths. | heterothallism: the type of sexual reproduction where conjugation is possible only through the interaction of different thalli (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). adj. heterothallic . cf . homothallism . | heterotropic: of a basidiospore , attached obliquely to the sterigma and forcibly discharged. cf . orthotropic . | higher fungi: members of the Ascomycota, the Basidiomycota and the Fungi Anamorphici. cf . lower fungi . | hilar appendix: in basidiospores , the projection which connects the spore with the sterigma; apiculus. | hilum: in a basidiospore , the mark or scar on the apiculus or hilar appendix at the point of attachment to the sterigma; in a conidium , the scar on the spore left after detachment from the conidiogenous cell. | hirsute: bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. cf . villous . | hoary: covered with a v ...

... . | hypha: a fungal filament. pl. hyphae . | hyphal peg: a projection of a hypha for fusion; in a basidioma , a cluster of somewhat interwoven hyphae extending from the trama, where it originates, to the hymenium, from which it may project (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). | hyphidium: a little- or strongly-modified terminal hypha in the hymenium of hymenomycetes. (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). cf . paraphysoid , pseudoparaphysis . | hyphomycete: common name for a member of the Hyphoanamorphoses, fungi producing conidia on exposed conidiophores. adj. hyphomycetous . | hyphopodium: a short branch of one or two cells on epiphytic mycelia of Meliolales, Erysiphales, etc. from which a fine infection hypha (infection peg) penetrates the host; a mycelial appressorium. cf . appressorium . | hypo-: prefix , below, under, beneath, lower; used either in place or degree. | hypogeous: subterranean. cf . epigeous . | hypogynous: of Oomycota , having the antheridium below the oogonium and on the same hypha. ...

... ate to the base of the stipe and having a narrow, free, membranous margin (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). | lime: granular deposits of calcium carbonate found in the capillitium, peridium and stalk of some Myxomycetes, sometimes as large, irregular masses (lime knots). | limoniform: lemon-shaped. | linear: very narrow in relation to the length, and with the sides parallel. | lirelliform: see hysterothecioid . | lobulate: with small lobes. | locule: a cavity or chamber. adj. loculate . | lower fungi: members of the Myxomycota, Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. cf . higher fungi . | lubricous: slippery, of an oily smoothness. | lumen: the central cavity of a cell. | lunate: crescent moon-shaped. | M | macroconidium: the larger, and generally diagnostic conidium of a fungus which also has microconidia (Nag Raj, 1993). | macrocyclic: of rust life cycle , producing all five spore states; producing pycnia, aecia, uredinia and telia. cf . demicyclic , microcyclic . | m ...

... with acid-aldehydes. cf . lacteriferous hypha . | oogenesis: development of the oogonium after fertilisation. | oogonium: a single-celled female gametangium giving rise to one or more gametes. | ooplasm: in Oomycota , the protoplasm, at the centre of the oogonium, which becomes the oosphere (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). cf . gonoplasm , periplasm . | ooplast: the spherical, translucent to granular inclusion of the oospores of Oomycota (Dick, 1990). | oosphere: the female gamete in oogamous fungi. | oospore: the resting spore produced after fertilisation of the oosphere, or a like structure produced by parthenogenesis. | operculate: with a lid or cover; of an ascus or a sporangium , opening by an apical lid to discharge the ascospores or sporangiospores. cf . inoperculate . | orthotropic: of a basidiospore , where the longitudinal axis of the sterigma corresponds to that of the basidiospore; the basidiospores are not forcibly ejected. cf . heterotropic . | osmophilic: being able to grow ...

... polarilocular: of an ascospore , having two cells separated by a central perforated septum. | polycentric: with a number of centres of growth and development and with more than one reproductive organ. cf . monocentric . | poroid: having pores. | primary septum: a septum formed in association with nuclear division separating cells and having a pore which may, in Basidiomycota, be modified as a dolipore or which may, in Ascomycota, be associated with Woronin bodies; characteristic of higher fungi (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). cf . adventitious septum . | primordium: the earliest stage of development of an organ (Hawksworth et al. , 1983). | probasidium: the primary basidial cell in which karyogamy (or enlargement of a single nucleus) occurs prior to nuclear division. It may be thin- or thicker-walled and may either remain wholly or partly at the base of the mature basidium or be obliterated as the basidium develops. | progametangium: in Zygomycetes , a hypha which forms a gametangium and s ...

... dead parts dropping out of the lesions. | sinuate: with deep wave-like depressions along the margin; of a lamella , where the lamella is notched at the proximal end at the junction with the stipe. | skeletal hyphae: hyphae that are thick-walled, unbranched or sparsely branched, aseptate, straight or slightly flexuous and have thin-walled apices. cf . binding hyphae , generative hyphae . | slime flux: a thick liquid exuding from branches and trunks of trees and associated with bacteria and fungi, and often also with gas production within the tree causing it to split. | smut: a disease caused by a member of the Ustilaginales (Ustomycetes); also the common name for a species in this group. | soft rot: rotting of tissue, usually the parenchyma, by the activities of a pathogen on the middle lamella of cell walls. The cells become separated but retain their shape for some time. | sorocarp: the minute, usually microscopic, stalked fruit-body of the cellular slime moulds (Acrasiomycetes and Di ...

... tes, Endogonales and Glomales. | sporodochium: a conidioma with superficial pulvinate stroma supporting conidiophores or conidiogenous cells on its upper surface and not covered by the substratum (Nag Raj, 1993). adj. sporodochial . | sporogenesis: spore formation (Holmes, 1979). | sporogenous: producing or supporting spores; of yeasts , yeasts with teleomorphs in either the Ascomycota or the Basidiomycota. cf . asporogenous . | sporophore: a spore-bearing or spore-supporting structure in fungi, which may be simple as in sporangiophore or complex as in ascomata and basidiomata; fruit-body. | squamose: with scales. | squamule: a small scale. adj. squamulose . | statismospore: a basidiospore that is not forcibly discharged. cf . ballistospore . | staurospore: an asexual spore with or without septa; more than one axis; with axes not curved through more than 180 degrees; protuberances, other than setulae, present and greater than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979). ...

... (villose): covered with long, soft hairs. cf . hirsute . | virgate: streaked. | viscid: very sticky. | volva: in agarics and gasteromycetes , the cup-like remains of the lower part of the universal veil attached to the base of the stipe or receptacle. adj. volvate . | W-Z | Woronin bodies: the highly refractive, globose to oval microbodies in cells of Ascomycota, present especially in the cytoplasm on either side of septal pores. | yeast: common name for an artificial assemblage of higher fungi which have temporarily or permanently abandoned the use of hyphal thalli; they are unicellular, and vegetative reproduction is generally by budding or fission. | zonate: having concentric lines often forming paler and darker zones. | zoogamete: see planogamete . adj. zygogamous . | zoosporangium: a sporangium producing zoospores. | zoospore: a flagellate sporangiospore; mastigote propagule; swarm spore. | zygomycete: common name for a member of the Zygomycota, the zygospore being the diagnostic ...

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... etes foot, black spot of roses, early tomato blight | Fungi in Nature: | Ecological Significance | -The principal role of fungi in nature is to decompose and recycle. | -Energy is trapped in all organisms when, they die fungi return the energy to the environment | -Fungi remove the dead matter from building up | Where are Fungi Found? | -Fungi fungal spores are found almost everywhere. | -Mycelium occur beneath the surface of soil, mushrooms sprout up from them. | Spore Dispersal | Most fungi use spores for reproducing, they are almost weightless, can be carried for miles. | -Conditions must be the perfect amount of temperature, moisture, and nutrients. | -Stinkhorns create a stench of dead meat to attract flies, they ingests the spores and deposit them miles away. | Symbiotic Relationships | Many fungi form symbiotic relations with other organisms. Both parasitic and mutual | Lichens | Mutual relationship between a fungus and algae. Lichens are very durable and can survive in harsh ...